Florida's ban was via an executive order and New Hampshire and Idaho's bans were passed by the legislature. Nine states in the United States have banned race-based affirmative action: California (1996), Washington (1998), Florida (1999), Michigan (2006), Nebraska (2008), Arizona (2010), New Hampshire (2012), Oklahoma (2012), and Idaho (2020). Outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and management development, and employee support programs are examples of affirmative action in employment.
to identify, select, and train potentially qualified minorities and women." For example, many higher education institutions have voluntarily adopted policies which seek to increase recruitment of racial minorities. Affirmative action currently tends to emphasize not specific quotas but rather "targeted goals" to address past discrimination in a particular institution or in broader society through "good-faith efforts. In the United States, affirmative action included the use of racial quotas until the Supreme Court ruled that quotas were unconstitutional. Further impetus is a desire to ensure public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve.
The impetus toward affirmative action is redressing the disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination. The programs tend to focus on access to education and employment, granting special consideration to historically excluded groups, specifically racial minorities or women. Affirmative action in the United States is a set of laws, policies, guidelines, and administrative practices "intended to end and correct the effects of a specific form of discrimination" that include government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs.
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